Jan 19th 2012, 17:59 by The Economist online
Our interactive overview of comparative debt
WEALTH ebbs away a lot faster than debt. Our interactive guide shows levels of debt as a % of GDP for a selection of rich countries and emerging markets. With a few exceptions, such as Germany and Japan, most rich countries saw a huge rise in debt levels in the years running up to the crisis. Unwinding these dues will take a lot longer. In many rich countries the process of debt reduction hasn’t even started. Research by the McKinsey Global Institute shows that America has begun to pare its debt burden, although the drop is small compared with the build-up in 2000-08. But many European countries are more, not less, in hock than they were in 2008. There the hangover could last another decade or more.
On this blog we publish a new chart or map every working day, highlight our interactive-data features and provide links to interesting sources of data around the web. The Big Mac index, house-price index and other regular features can be found on our Markets & data page
Advertisement
Over the past five days
Over the past seven days
Advertisement
Readers' comments
The Economist welcomes your views. Please stay on topic and be respectful of other readers. Review our comments policy.
Sort:
I put another chart.
http://www.usdebtclock.org/world-debt-clock.html
In the time series part of the chart (when clicking on a country), the labels seem to be mixed - for instance, for the UK, the Financial debt is at more that 200% of GDP in 2011 but the label in the time series says that this is the Corporate (Non Financial)debt.
Thank you for pointing out our error. We are in the process of updating this graphic, but we have now replaced the data and the figures currently showing are correct.
It would be very interesting to see the same data before Euro was born and 5 years later. Were we all in a better shape? Is it really so important the level of debt as % of GDP?
It would have been intresting Greek, South African and Australian data!
After taking a look to what has happenned, and is yet happenning, specially in countries such as Spain, with a recent record of strong growth fueled by incoming credit, I wonder wether the currently accepted procedures for public accounting are not, at least, far too incomplete to make real sense in a globalized economic environment.
We use GDP levels and it's change rate to monitor the evolution of an economy, whilst paying a short attention to changes in debt - specially in private debt. But when the GDP of a country is boosted by huge amount of incoming borrowed money, which lenders are expecting to be, sometimes, somehow, paid back, we may be fatally overestimating the real capacities of this economy.
While international money flows are kept under a certain level it may not have a dramatic effect. But Spain, as an example, has been borrowing 10 to 12 % of its GDP every year for the past decade.
We may be needing some new figures in the tables and charts.
The category called "Financial" seems to be government. Categories seem switched around a time of this writing.
This chart, like many before, is a trove of information. Thank you.
I did on it a Borda's ranking.
For those unfamiliar with the term, most “ranking method mathematicians” consider it, despite being over 200 years old, the most reliable method apart from MOLP and applications of DEA. The latter two tools, far more sophisticated are too juvenile and too cumbersome for easy use.
The results are as follows: (From worst to best; the fewer points, the worse; alphabetical order when tied)
Britain.............10
Japan...............15
France..............16
Spain...............19
Italy...............24
S. Korea............24
Germany.............26
USA.................26
Canada..............27
China...............38
Brazil..............43
India...............46
Russia..............50
As could be expected, apart from a few rank swaps of no great importance, these ranks are close to those of your “overall” debt, which in, accordance to Borda's method, I did not take into consideration as it could partly repeat partly the other data.
Every time I show similar conclusions, a number of my previous fellow British taxpayers accuse me of trying to insult Britain.
I certainly will never insult Britain in any way.
All I'm doing is to alert an absent-minded pedestrian who's walking straight ahead into a lamp post and is looking sideways by shouting:
“Look out! You'll knock your head against that post!”.
Britain's government debt maturity is longer than most others. It can a be a blessing: gives you time for correction .
It can be a curse : you may feel there's nothing to worry about.
There is a lot to worry about.
If I may digress just a little. Given that this Daily Chart addresses a popular perception that seems to accept without question the curious proposition that widely divergent nations can be realistically compared, on whatever criteria we care to adopt, it was fascinating to me to witness the vitriolic 'snowstorm' that was unleashed here yesterday by the observation that Australia had, as usual, not been included in the statistical analysis. I, for one, have long been aware that "the (real?) World" is 'universally' understood as being located entirely in the northern hemisphere. Except by those who happen to live south of the Equator. And I think there are obvious historical reasons for this. What I find particularly disturbing, however, is that any reasonably educated person, who may actually be a fifth generation Australian and who would not dream of living anywhere else, can easily find himself, at a moment's notice, be it in Sydney or Oodnadatta, in a situation of being shouted down and told, in wildly extravagant terms, to "go back where you came from", if he so much as dares to suggest that anything in Australia is not quite what it could be, or perhaps should be. Now, I've been around a bit. Born in one place, raised elsewhere, and migrated far away and 'for good', more than once. Mono-cultural people tend to call this "interesting". And I suppose it would seem like that, if you have only ever spoken one language and always spent your holidays in the same places, where you always expect to eat "proper" food, follow the same sport, always vote for the same party and expect the kids to follow in your footsteps. It may be that, in your street, questions of colour, customs and manners never even come up. From what I have seen on my travels, I wonder if it is appropriate to suggest that this defensive vehemence, evinced by certain enthusiastic members of the commentariat above – be they antipodean themselves or no – may be symptomatic of a fundamental insecurity, a perceived need to constantly reassert that "my country is absolutely the best bloody country in the whole goddamn world, and I'll personally deal with anyone who says otherwise." This is so sad. It is so reminiscent of something more popularly associated with places like Texas, perhaps. During the nineteenth century. Surely, New Yorkers or Berliners or the denizens of Paris or Beijing would never bother to convince anyone else of the obvious superiority in every respect of their peculiar place on the map, would they? After all, to what extent can national debt levels, national reputations and national levels of prowess, in any field of endeavour, be said to be a matter of opinion, and to what extent do they actually have anything at all to do with verifiable facts?
we all have egos, even the reasonable amongst us (except 1 or 2 who can walk on water). so whats you're point? you can find nationalist egotism anywhere in the world- a certain % of people are like that. so who are you criticising? someone, some people somewhere you choose as victims of your prejudice? perhaps, since you have been around and about so much, you failed to see or learn much about people because you had you head so firmly stuck up your ars?
Having been raised in an extended family where rascist terms and slurs were much more censored than the common four lettre rude references to bodily functions/product,s I have never been rascist. I am though, an ARROGANT White European Male; this comes from being raised/educated in an ambient that did not sufficiently credit any part of history that comes from other than Europe and North America.
Examples? Check out the "Rennesaince" and the "Enlightenment" (whatever they are/were); Both made posible by referring to the Library of Alexandria and the University in Persia, but where is the acknowledgement of the continuing advances made by academia in these NON Euopean sites? Ibn Kaldeun an Islamic Persian scholar of the 14/15th centuries was more advanced in understanding creation of value and concentrations of wealth than was Adam Smith who was credited with the first theories leading to modern economic theories (the good and the bad). However in all my studies of: Say, Quesney, Petty, Smith, Ricardo, Marx, Marshall, Keynes and many other Arrogant White Europeans,I only came belatedly to his works when researching Islamic and other religious influences on modern economics.
Plagarism? Probably but only indirect; as such in is not the same academic transgresssion as if a aeuropean did it to his/her own kind.
The same applies to medicinal knowledge where the first "drugs" came from analyzing the herbs and potients produced by natives in various parts of the world who were subsequently labled "Witch Doctors" as ameans of discrediting their very real contributions.
Unfortunately Academia while successfully combating "rascism", is less effective when creditting sources outside itself for the advances being continually made.
Pray, do not demean yourself thus so publicly, my dear, with such indefensible slander and contemptible wit. Whence this unedifying acrimony? I must defy you, most worthy, to demonstrate here, to any of your presumed admirers, which of my words has so insulted your intelligence as to inspire such crude ad hominem abuse. With the utmost respect, if indeed we are, as you say, both hopelessly ego-driven chauvinists at heart, how does that in any way rebut my central thesis that, in my opinion – always assuming, of course, that all of us here assembled are equally entitled to such a dubious privilege – it is rather a shame, is it not, that we, irredeemable bigots that we both are, fail to realise how, by our wildly intemperate and deliriously extravagant assertions of national prowess, we do no more than betray but a fundamental insecurity, indeed a palpable uncertainty concerning the veracity of our grand vision? Besides, if, by your own admission, you failed so abysmally to see my “point”, how does that, in any sense, serve to credibly establish beyond all reasonable doubt that, whatever it was in my words that so offended you, must therefore, by definition, as it were, be perfectly inadmissible and, indeed, quite plainly, false? Meanwhile, I would most sincerely urge you to desist henceforth, in the interests of civilised discourse, if nothing else, from such base invective. I think it becomes neither of us well.
very verbose, but what is your point?
i agree totally.
it is common worldwide for people to be educated to the point of complete ignorance.
one has to look further afield, as you have done,and maintain an open mind.
"I agree totally." Phew. That's alright then. Now we can all get some sleep.
What is my point? Let me spell it out for you. My arse has an e on it. At least honour your sound education by spelling your insults correctly. An open mind is bound to allow quite a bit of dust.
ok, i guess you tone comes across as somewhat superior (to me), and if i'm wrong you can have a quiet chuckle i'm sure. it takes all sorts in this world. and as a traveller myself i've always been happy to benefit from the generational community builders who are the backbone of the places i visit or live- and resist the temptation to look down on them or criticise my hosts. we are all on a journey through life and our opinions evolve- so i always hope for the best (in the future) for everyone - even people i dislike.
although i'm not holding out much hope for you: but you never know surgery may be possible
Ouch. In 2001 I was diagnosed with leukemia. Ten years and a touch-and-go bone marrow transplant with multiple 'interesting' complications later, I'm utterly housebound. But, thanks to my wife, whose patience knows no bounds, I'm still smiling. Be careful, my friend, with those throw-away remarks. We can never know what those opposite might have been through.
i'm glad to see you're fighting fit ten years on. and that was a real tough break. and a salute to the mrs.
"I have never been rascist."
You're modest too.
"Wealth ebbs away" is not the problem; there never was an amount of "wealth" (or value) to cover the absurd levels of debt presently poated world wide. Because the debts, mostly products of financial manipulatons, have no where near the required collateral to cover the anount which is 10-12times the WORLD's GROSS product it earns the label of "fictitious capital", a teerm first couned by Karl Marx to catalogue the debts run up in his time by governments and landed gentry to cover wars and other results of living beyond one's means.
In the 19th century these amounts would amount to around ten percent of an individual countries production of REAL (entrepreneur led LABOUR)[surplus]value. These amounts were no problem in boom times, but when a periodic crisis appeared and the bill collectors cometh, various devices (not all ethical) were used to clean the slate for the next boom period.
Today though after almost one hundred years of Keynesian and other's ideas of eternal "growth" by any means the situation is much more precarious. Just to look at the $700-1000TRILLION Debt (growing exponentially) on a (stagnating)GROSS world product of $70TRILLION gives a common sense answer that something is radically WRONG!
This run-a-way debt crisis will only be solved for the present by a massive DEFAULT amounting to 90% or more of the total debt. The "haircut" must be a shaved head; that is if a scalping is to be avoided. This is only rough justice; if there had been real value to begin with equal to the amounts of the debts this problem would be non-existent. Can you imagine the reaction from your friendly personal banker if you went to borrow ten times the amount of your net (collateral) wealth?
Then in future, after the current melt-down, governance needs to be put on a sound financial footing.
Deficits for other than capital expenditures (public or private) are to be prohibited; any deficits must only be of the double entry type and provide for future incomes to pay for self: E.g. bridges>tolls, railways>fares, colleges>tuition. Such incomes if not fee for service but are public, must be produced by taxes on CURRENT activities.
Taxation of wealth/income rather than borrowing same is justified when:
1)The marginal utility of the amount increases when transferred to public hands; I.e. luxuries replaced by necessities.
2)Taxation does not crowd out funds needed for capital investment. (public or private); this is the affordable? test.
yes i agree , my merc is gonna look great with hand carved stone wheels.
The West can thank unbridled Capitalism, unfettered laissez faire & infantile profligacy for the gruesome mess they created for themselves. It's pay-back time. We have years (decades?) of gut-wrenching austerity, pain & suffering to look forward to.
Welcome to the era of comeuppance..
This is a proof that debt to gdp ratio fail at explaining economics.
Richer country have Higher debt to gdp ratio. And vice versa.
Compare to the fitch or moody's rating. It's all mixed up side down.
It doesn't do a perfect job, but I would think that one reason why poorer countries have lower debt/gdp rations because it's more expensive for them to borrow money, hence they borrow less. Also, public debt per capita tends to be a lot lower for poor countries, because they cannot afford as much debt per person as a richer country: http://theunderbanked.com/european-debt-map/
I'm afraid this graph is highly misleading as long as one does not explain that it shows gross debt, adding up the debt of a country's households, firms and government. But of course a lot of the debt of governments and firms is typically held by households and therefore cancels out. Net debt is much smaller. Where even households are indebted, as in the US, the current account deficit makes up for the difference.
The graph also does not provide the comfort for US citizens that some readers seem to have read into it. First of all, declaring bankruptcy is easier for households in the US than in Europe; and banks are more aggressive in pursuing households who cannot pay their mortgage debt. So the foreclosures in the US, ie people being evicted from their homes and banks seizing the housing assets to recover parts of their loans, have the effect to reduce household debt. I am not sure that overindebted Brits envy similar households in the US for that.
Secondly, US firms finance their investments much more through the issuance of equity than through bank credit. Equities are not included in the debt figures shown because they give property rights, not just a claim, to those who finance a firm’s investment. If a firm does not do as well as expected, it will not default on a credit but the share prices simply go down and the holder of the equity gets poorer. Again, this is a much higher risk for US households than for hosueholds in Europe.
What you are essentially saying is that if I have a mortgage and also save the same amount of money by buying government bonds (lending to the government), then there is no net debt. This is just as true as "the sum of all voltages around an electric circuit is always zero".
This does not explain, why circuits tend to short, burn, arc, and malfunction in just about any way that a voltage can cause. The crux of the problem lies in the fact is that even though if you sum up the balance sheets of all elements of your system you will have effectively ignored local imabalances, which can be devastating.
In the end, it is not the statics, but the dynamics of the system that will cause structural failure.
So it is false to assume that if assets and liabilities on a balance sheet equal zero, then the system is healthy. It is this fallacy that has led to the world's central bankers to totally miss what was actually going on.
To sum it up, a measurement of the gross debt is an indirect measure of the average severity of local imbalances, and is an important indicator of system volatility.
Following this non-saying chart, you should look at the fact alongside debts.
Debts for it self, to be non-saying.
All the crises is based on banks with a low capital-assets-ratio.
Throughout the world it was under 10%. And Hedgefonds and Private Equities were excluded from (bank's)regulations. So the latters were able to leverage (its business) to the sky with a minimum of liability. So you remember their equity is was and still is under 10%. To keep the liability at a minimum, high dividends were payed out.
And the 1% were bailed-out by the 99%. And the check is payed by the 99% whereas the assets of the 1% are being saved at the expenses of the 99%. Simple said: The 99% are and will pay for the saving of the assets of the super riches so that the super riches are able to be rich and earn even more money as they did before. That is a fine game.
So when we come back to debts, we should keep this in mind. A lot of the current debts of the nations are due the bail-outs of their so greedy banks without ANY liability of those who should be responsible for the risks that were taken.
And regulations is still not applied. And as long as we do not regulate the financial sector, we will find no solutions for the debts crises. For any solutions we should put pressure on the politics that the financial sector is finally participated in the cots of bail-outs e. g. with a financial transaction tax and furthermore strict regulations are made.
Now I'm convinced more than ever.
We need to elect Ron Paul in November.
Ron Paul is the only Repub hopeful who seems to have any clue, what a huge hole America is wallowing in. The rest of them are just navel-gazing, self-absorbed & clueless leader wannabies, looking out for themselves. Scary..
But whether Ron Paul can or will do anything, if elected, to address this alarming predicament, is another matter.
As they say, if you are not rich, you are not elgible to borrow. The number did not reveal the whereabout of the richness in these countries. Many of the undebted countries live in shadow banking - that speak volume!
As an American I feel relieved to see these numbers. I don't know if my memory is failing me or what, by I thought I had seen worse numbers for America.
This shows how relatively fortunate we are compared to Europe at this moment. An ideal government (or Congress to be more precise) would have instantly taken advantage of our low interest rates and infused a >$500 stimulus into the economy, in other words, taking in the costs it would have had to undergo at anyway (fixing roads and schools should be done regardless of whether we intend to commit ourselves to Keynesian economics), yet taking advantage of the abundance of labor and credit in this depressed economy.
Very likely, and minus what may happen in Europe, we would have seen a robust recovery. Eventually, with a real GDP growth of %3 (our long time average) and an inflation of, say, 3%, we would witness a 6% annual decrease in our debt levels. But of course, there is a major political party that, to say the least, disagrees with this approach.
Yes. Despite the media noises, the US with low inflation of its own is now in a cushy "sweet spot" because it has been busy exporting high inflation to others all around the world.
I'm afraid this graph is highly misleading as long as one does not explain that it shows gross debt, adding up the debt of a country's households, firms and government. But of course a lot of the debt of governments and firms is typically held by households and therefore cancels out. Net debt is much smaller. Where even households are indebted, as in the US, the current account deficit makes up for the difference.
The graph also does not provide the comfort for US citizens that some readers seem to have read into it. First of all, declaring bankruptcy is easier for households in the US than in Europe; and banks are more aggressive in pursuing households who cannot pay their mortgage debt. So the foreclosures in the US, ie people being evicted from their homes and banks seizing the housing assets to recover parts of their loans, have the effect to reduce household debt. I am not sure that overindebted Brits envy similar households in the US for that.
Secondly, US firms finance their investments much more through the issuance of equity than through bank credit. Equities are not included in the debt figures shown because they give property rights, not just a claim, to those who finance a firm’s investment. If a firm does not do as well as expected, it will not default on a credit but the share prices simply go down and the holder of the equity gets poorer. Again, this is a much higher risk for US households than for hosueholds in Europe.
I thought United States had much higher debt/GDP, nearly 100%? Are the numbers wrong or am I reading them wrongly?
Yes, the 100% is the gross debt, the number in this chart is the public debt, which is basically the gross debt minus the amount of intragovernment debt (the money owed to various part of the government like the Social Security Trust Fund by the treasury).
Does the gross debt include consumer debt and municipal and state debt? Because it seems like the number would be a lot higher.
Thanks
I believe the one in this chart does not include state and municipal debt--only federal.
Although municipal debt somewhat raised alarms a while back, on the state level, the dangers are more about too immediate cuts than high levels of debt, because most states have balance-budget amendments.
I realise by now that Australia is of scant importance to those at the Economist, but surely it could occasionally be included in various world comparisons?
It is a G20 nation, has 22,000,000 people and a near trillion dollar economy. You must be aware it outperforms most countries on most criteria on a per capita basis. Government debt as a percentage of GDP being just one of them.
you would realise a lot more if you STOP listening to channel 7, 9, 10 & ABC which are the dumbest channel i have ever seen in my life. I cant stop laughing when i hear these media call Australia as an "Advanced economy". Can i ask you What advanced commodities are manufactured/innovated in Australia???
Just to let you know Australia is a country living solely on the income of exporting natural commodities like coal, Iron ore etc.to Asian countries & Selling citizenship in the name migration. Australia is just a nation of "white rednecks" and truly nothing more
This isn't true. Australia - where I do not live - got through the GFC better than most countries, it runs budget surpluses more often than most countries, has displayed the political will to drive bipartisan consensus on many matters, & the contribution from mining is 10% or so of its GDP.
It can definitely teach us, Indians, quite a few things about driving bipartisan consensus, & most of the developed countries about balancing budgets, equity & growth.
Hey buddy, don't talk about the Australians like that. They will send Crocodile Dundee to show you just what an Australian redneck is capable of doing. Australians only manufacture one thing besides beer, and that is whoop ass. They'll send Mick Dundee to export some whoop ass on you if you talk smack about their country.
Have you conveniently forgot about the pathetic situation of the Indigenous Australians????? They are on the verge of extinction. There is one thing Aussies have taught the world, which is; to "occupy" the land , "displace" the original inhabitants by spreading deadly diseases, alchohol and drug and taking over their land and name it Australia.
Just for your info, Apart from mining , other "ADVANCED" exports from Australia are wool, live & chopped cattle& sheep's. Milk , cheese , butter, wheat,oats and honey. Egyptians and Harrapan civilization has done this work 5000 yrs back. Well that's how old your economy is.
Jealous much Thilak?
Australia is obviously out performing your country in so many ways and that pathetic (not to mention racist) rant is the best comeback you can muster? The words 'sock puppet' spring to mind?
I mean it truly shows a total lack of education (that was a stab at your country there mate) to think that the only definition of an advanced economy is that it manufactures stuff. I mean what does Luxembourg manufacture? Denmark? Sweden? Norway? Some of the richest and advanced countries on the planet!
You are probably using an Australian invention now and don't even realise it? Look up the history of Wifi. While you are at it, you might want to verify that the resources sector only contributes 10% to our GDP. Manufacturing makes up 15% of our GDP and 15% of our exports.
The fact that you believe "Australia is a country living solely on the income of exporting natural commodities like coal, Iron ore etc.to Asian countries" shows exactly how intelligent you are.
Next inane comment please..... oh and try to stop sourcing your facts from some piece of sh!t news outlet that passes for media in whatever country you are too scared to tell us you come from.
Oh sorry! I didn't knew that Wi-fi was an Aussie invention. Agreed, without which whole world will come to a standstill!! lol !!!
"you might want to verify that the resources sector only contributes 10% to our GDP"...
I did and found Agri & mining contributes 58% of your export. Is that a negligible percentage?? Also a significant export is education, which is nothing but selling citizenship(Ask any International student and you would know that they are in Australia for permanent residency)
Noone can stop you from calling yourself an "Advanced economy", but while you do it, the whole world will be giggling.
"whatever country you are too scared to tell us you come from."
Why the hell should i be afraid, by the way, unlike you I have put my real name and everyone will know where I am from. We would like to compare our country's economic development with China rather than an "advanced" economy like you.
Where on earth do you live Thilak7777? You obviously know nothing of Australia or it's economy. Maybe you're the "white redneck".
Australia is the most racially diverse country in the world and is much the better for it.
Oh Thilak (whose name tells me what country you are from - though there is plenty of people in my country with that name),
Thank you so much for replying again - its so easy to hide behind your anonymity and trash another country with several unrelated facts. That's fine, because most Aussies know that our country has problems but I guarantee it is a better one to live in than your (still unnamed) one.
You are correct that anyone can call their country 'advanced' and so what if the world is "giggling" at us doing so. On so many metrics we lead the pack, call us deindustrialising, call us white trash, call us what ever you want, it doesn't change the facts which are undeniable. High growth, low unemployment, triple AAA rated low government debt, stable society, a high degree of affluence, democracy (real not fake), competitiveness with low degrees of crime and corruption and no civil unrest. How does yours compare?
For example, people call India 'developing' and yet over 50% of its workforce are in agriculture and only producing 17% of GDP (and still malnutrition is rampant). The figure for China (which you mention as a comparison is 10% of GDP employing 40% of the workforce. And yet in our 'unadvanced' economy it accounts for 12% of GDP and employs only 3.5% of the workforce - indeed, 10% of our agricultural exports actually go to China!
I am not sure what you expect Australia to do considering it can grow enough food for 60 million people but only needs to feed 23 million. Considering India can't produce enough food, I am guessing they are thankful for food exporters like us - they see fit to hand over half a billion dollars to us each year for food! See, even your intended insults show how well Australia does things. Wow the plans to double our agricultural output will indeed destroy any vestige of pride we should have.
So keep concentrating on exports because you seem to think that this defines a country and I am not going to dissuade you of the stupidity of that. I asked you to confirm a GDP figure and you came back with an export figure (your education deficient much?).
But I do remember telling you to stop sourcing your facts from some piece of sh!t news outlet that passes for media in your country - but alas you didn't listen as you seem to be stuck in 2008 when in comes to international students in Australia. The loophole that you are talking about has been closed and thankfully the millions of poor farmer's children from some countries has slowed down - it has meant a drop in our export figures but we are happy with that. I also live with an international student and I can tell you that after he has finished self funding his degree, I am glad that he will probably emigrate here.
I mean think about the amazing system we have set up here. We let in students. They pay for their own degree, they work (usually in jobs that are difficult to fill), they have health insurance - they only value add to the economy. Then, when they finish, should their skills be needed, they can apply to emigrate and value add even more to the economy as they are usually young and healthy. With 25% of our population born overseas, I think this is a awesome way to source skilled migrants to live here.
If you consider that selling citizenship, then yeah it is. How smart is our government? I actually consider it a package deal, we sell education and citizenship and plug an employment shortfall at the same time. Should we compare this with the immigration programmes of countries in our region.... oh that's right, most of them really only run an emigration programme.
Thanks for giving me this opportunity!
Today almost every rich (and poor) countries have to make up the difference between their operating revenue and spending by issuing more debts. An economic collapse seems inevitable sooner or later unless the people are willing to forgo some of the election benefits that had been promised by populist politicians.
One person's debt is the other's receivable. High level of debts here means high level of wealth somewhere else.
Debt @ 3-4 times the income of a person's annual income may look like a problem. When taken as a whole, who in the end owns that debt?
One the one hand, someone borrows money for spending. One the other hand, that precise someone deposits money in a bank that lends money to finance the borrowing. In an web of lenders-borrowers like that, we need better metric to measure the problem and to understand it.
Say Russia: debt level doesn't suggest it is in good shape. It may just suggest that lenders do not believe borrowers that much to open the purse.
Say UK: high level of financial sector debt doesn't suggest they are near bankruptcy. It just suggests that: trust and credit are so high that banks are able to borrow from one another. When all are consolidated in an accounting way, the debt level suddenly comes close to zero in a synthetic bank (not necessarily big).
Economists, we need a NET DEBT position analysis. We just are not satisfied with one side of the coin analysis
While a trade deficit or (debt) as you labeled it may seem like a bad thing for the entity who is incurring the debt, in reality the country incurring the trade deficit is actually receiving a bunch of stuff, either commodities, or finished products like iPhones or computers, in exchange for some colorful paper. The nation that receives the paper for the stuff has to either spend the paper on something that someone else is willing to exchange for the paper or they can lock up the paper in nice big secured rooms. Either way it is still a bunch of paper until you exchange it for cool stuff.
Dick Cheney was right. Deficits don't mean jack shit as long as someone is willing to give you cool stuff for your colorful paper.
In simple terms, you pay for imports with exports, not money, so until foreigners spend the money the goods have not been paid for.
It always seems many people think exports are good and imports bad, but the only reason to export is pay for imports.
"the only reason to export is pay for imports"
The Chinese clearly don't see it that way. Their export revenue is being saved up (eg via FX reserves, now USD3.2 trillion) and is being used to buy supply chain security and political influence. And this strategy is working. As asset prices collapse due to the GFC and its aftermath, the Chinese can pick up the pieces at bargain prices and simultaneously 'save the world'.
Yes. I should have said something about reasonable people**. I share your concern (I think you are concerned) for the Chinese policy, and apparent lack of concern in the rest of the world.
**Hope you are not Chinese!